Two types of beans. Arabica and Robusta. Liberica is a cross pollination, but subject to more natural pests. 

All the other coffee are blends of the same. Vanilla, Hazelnut are all added after the roasting stage.

Arabica has more flavor and 1.5% caffeine. Robusta has less flavor and 3% caffeine. Liberica has 4.5% caffeine. 

Arabica has smaller leaves and is maintained as a smaller plant 3 feet. Robusta has larger leaves and is a larger, maintained at 6-7 feet. Larger than these, and the beans are smaller and less effective. Yearly pruning to remove dry branches. Else beans are smaller and less effective.

Takes 15 years of investing in the soil and the plantation does it start to yield cashflow. Mercara has 5 acres which needs 5 workers to keep the plantation going, except during harvesting which requires 120 workers for a short time during the harvesting. They have 120 acres elsewhere. 

Instant coffees are coffee infused with flavors and then dried through different techniques. Preservatives like sodium, potassium etc are added. But basically are Arabica and Robusta. 

If two parts of the seeds come out, that's the best. Else if one part of the seed comes out, its Peaberry. 

Civets do come and eat the berries. In some countries, they are force fed. There are other animal coffees like Elephant dung coffee.